There are legends about the longevity of the French. They say they owe their longevity above all to the consumption of red wine, but it is not because of alcohol that they enjoy a lack of cardiovascular problems. Resveratrol is a compound that occurs in grapes and is not precipitated during fermentation, so red wine can be a real elixir of youth. But isn’t its role overstated?
The health benefits of resveratrol are numerous, including its potential to help with Alzheimer’s disease by facilitating the clearance of β-amyloid peptide and providing neuroprotective benefits. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the buildup of toxic plaques in the brain, and resveratrol's neuroprotective mechanisms can aid in mitigating these effects. It is also known for preventing various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes, thanks to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
What is Resveratrol?
Definition and Sources of Resveratrol
Resveratrol is a fascinating polyphenolic compound that belongs to the class of stilbenes. This fat-soluble compound exists in both trans and cis molecular configurations, with the trans form being more prevalent and biologically active. Resveratrol is produced by certain plants as a defense mechanism in response to stress, injury, fungal infection, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. You can find this compound in various plant species, including grapes, berries, peanuts, and pomegranates. The skin of red grapes is particularly rich in resveratrol, which is why red wine, grape juice, and some resveratrol supplements are excellent sources of this compound.
History and Discovery
Resveratrol was first isolated in 1940 from the roots of the Japanese knotweed plant (Polygonum cuspidatum) by Japanese researcher Michio Takaoka. However, it wasn’t until the 1990s that resveratrol gained significant attention for its potential health benefits. In 1992, a groundbreaking study published in the journal Lancet found that moderate consumption of red wine was associated with a lower risk of heart disease. This discovery led researchers to identify resveratrol as a key component of red wine, responsible for its heart-protective effects. Since then, numerous studies have delved into the effects of resveratrol on various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting its potential health benefits.
Chemistry of Resveratrol
Chemically, resveratrol is a stilbenoid polyphenol characterized by two phenol rings linked by an ethylene bridge. Its chemical structure, known as trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, can exist in two isomeric forms: cis- and trans-resveratrol. The trans form is dominant and is attributed with various biological activities, including inducing cellular responses such as cell cycle arrest, differentiation, apoptosis, and enhancing the anti-proliferation of cancer cells. This unique chemical structure allows resveratrol to interact with multiple cellular pathways, making it a compound of significant interest in medical research.
Resveratrol - occurrence
Researchers are sceptical about all natural medicine innovations. They look for answers to the question of whether a particular compound or remedy is actually effective. Putting the myth of longevity of the French on the line by drinking red wine, they set up an experiment involving elderly people who drank a glass of red wine once a day. The results of the study were not revolutionary, with resveratrol in grapes, where it is most abundant, proving to be of little effect. However, the researchers drew attention to an important fact: it is a comprehensive diet, not a single ingredient, that has a real impact on a person's life.
Red wine alone is not enough. Grapes in their unprocessed form, but also after fermentation, are by far the most rich source of this compound. A little further on, the list of other products containing the elixir of youth begins, namely:
- berries (strawberries, blueberries, blackcurrants),
- jackfruit,
- nuts,
- cocoa and chocolate,
- tomato peel.
Resveratrol can also reduce blood clotting, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health.
These are, of course, sources of the naturally occurring compound. Resveratol as tablets is increasingly on offer in health food shops, and for those reluctant to take this form of supplement there is also resveratol in drops. Additionally, resveratrol may impact hormone-sensitive conditions like breast cancer.
Resveratrol - intrinsic properties and health benefits
Resveratrol has the most positive effect primarily on the cardiovascular system. This is due to the inhibition of platelet aggregation, which prevents the formation of dangerous blood clots. It also reduces the absorption of bad cholesterol (LDL), which has a direct impact on reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and coronary heart disease. The compound has also been proven to lower blood pressure as early as one hour after ingestion.
Another property of resveratrol is its effect on regulating energy balance. This in turn may prevent diet-related diseases, which include obesity. This is because the compound stimulates the process of fat cell disintegration. It also influences metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Resveratrol also has a significant role in cancer prevention and therapy by increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The cancer chemopreventive agent resveratrol can even inhibit the spread and metastasis of existing cancers by disrupting cancer cell growth through mechanisms like downregulating specific genes and impacting cellular processes. As a powerful antioxidant, it also reduces the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer’s disease) and prevents osteoporosis. The importance of clinical trials in confirming these health benefits cannot be overstated.
Resveratrol has shown potential benefits in managing various risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, including improvements in vascular health and endothelial function.
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects
Resveratrol is renowned for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which significantly contribute to its health benefits. Antioxidants are crucial in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals—unstable molecules that can lead to aging and various diseases. Resveratrol’s antioxidant activity is comparable to that of vitamin E, a well-known antioxidant. Additionally, resveratrol’s anti-inflammatory properties help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. By mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, resveratrol acts as a powerful ally in maintaining overall health and preventing disease.
Anti-cancer Properties
Resveratrol has garnered attention for its impressive anti-cancer properties. Research has shown that resveratrol can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in these cells. Furthermore, resveratrol exhibits anti-angiogenic effects, meaning it can prevent the formation of new blood vessels that supply nutrients to cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their growth. Additionally, resveratrol has anti-metastatic properties, which help prevent the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body. These multifaceted anti-cancer effects make resveratrol a promising compound in cancer prevention and treatment.
Neuroprotective Effects
Resveratrol’s neuroprotective effects offer hope in reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Studies have demonstrated that resveratrol can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain, where it exerts its protective effects. Resveratrol’s anti-inflammatory properties in the brain may help mitigate the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, its antioxidant effects protect against oxidative stress and cellular damage, further contributing to brain health. These neuroprotective properties underscore the potential of resveratrol in maintaining cognitive function and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
Biological Activities of Resveratrol
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Activation
One of the remarkable effects of resveratrol is its ability to activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), an enzyme crucial for the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium. NO is a potent vasodilator that helps relax blood vessels and improve blood flow. The activation of eNOS by resveratrol has been linked to its cardiovascular protective effects, including the reduction of blood pressure and the prevention of atherosclerosis. Additionally, eNOS activation by resveratrol has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, making it a promising therapeutic agent for various diseases.
Resveratrol in red wine
Resveratrol is a substance that some plants synthesise in response to fungal infections or under the influence of a stress factor such as water shortage, UV radiation or tissue damage. More resveratrol also appears in plants grown in warm climates. This substance is also produced during the fermentation process of grape skins, which is why wine, especially red wine, is an excellent source of resveratrol as it is in longer contact with the skins during the fermentation process than white wine. Red wines generally contain higher concentrations of resveratrol compared to other types of wine. The average resveratrol content of red wine is around 1.9 mg per litre. On the other hand, Pinot Noir, St.Laurent, Merlot and Blaufränkisch are considered to be the richest in terms of this component. Instead of wine, children and non-drinkers can provide their bodies with resveratrol in the form of fresh grapes and grape juice.
Resveratrol found in red wines offers various health benefits, including its roles as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It may also provide protective effects against chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's.
Resveratrol supplements for cholesterol
In order to understand how resveratrol affects our cardiovascular system, it is worth tracing the processes that lead to one of its most dangerous diseases, namely atherosclerosis. Dysfunctions of the cardiovascular system originate from poor nutrition, insufficient physical activity and smoking. Initially, the diseases are associated with an increase in the level of bad cholesterol and damage to the endothelium of blood vessels. This in turn leads to inflammation and platelet activation. Atherosclerotic plaque is formed in the damaged areas, which narrows the lumen of the vessels and reduces their elasticity. Resveratrol has a protective effect on all these problems, as it not only reduces the absorption of bad cholesterol, but also improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Additionally, it inhibits platelet aggregation, dilates blood vessels and stops the inflammatory process. Resveratrol also inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species, contributing to its protective effects against cellular damage. Various methods of resveratrol administration, including oral, topical, and injection routes, are being researched to evaluate their impacts on cardiovascular health and bioavailability.
Resveratrol in cosmetics
Like any anti-ageing agent, resveratrol quickly gained the attention of cosmetic companies. Its properties have been proven by numerous studies, so we can safely say that it has an antioxidant effect by removing free radicals from the body and minimising their impact on the body. Thus, it protects skin cells from dying, which causes faster skin ageing. However, oral resveratrol faces bioavailability challenges, though it shows potential benefits in reducing cancer cell proliferation and improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
In terms of regeneration, resveratrol also performs very well. It has regenerative, firming and anti-inflammatory effects. It prevents oxidative stress, which causes more wrinkles and robs the skin of its firmness. Its benefits are undoubtedly demonstrated by its ability to penetrate the stratum corneum, allowing it to have a deeper effect. Resveratrol treatment has shown potential benefits for cardiovascular health and diabetes, enhancing insulin sensitivity and improving heart function in diabetic models.
Skin rejuvenating effects include:
- improving the hydration level and structure of the skin,
- improving the elasticity of the skin,
- anti-inflammatory and soothing effects,
- strong anti-oxidant properties,
- improvement of skin repair processes,
- beneficial effect on vessels, including reduction of swelling,
- lightening of discolourations,
- reduction of the number and depth of already existing wrinkles,
- positive effect of resveratrol on skin health
As a cosmetic ingredient, resveratrol works perfectly, however, introducing red wine into the diet on a permanent basis is not advisable. It may cause unnecessary complications, and will not bring the expected benefits. It is much more sensible to use the offer of cosmetics producers or supplements in tablet or liquid form. Additionally, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth by interacting with specific molecular pathways, making it a valuable compound in cancer prevention.
Resveratrol Supplements
Resveratrol supplements are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and powders. These supplements typically contain a standardized extract of resveratrol, derived from sources like the Japanese knotweed plant. Some resveratrol supplements may also include additional ingredients, such as vitamins and minerals, to enhance the effects of resveratrol. When considering resveratrol supplements, it’s crucial to choose products from reputable manufacturers to ensure quality and efficacy. The effects of resveratrol supplements can vary, but they offer a convenient way to incorporate this beneficial compound into your daily routine.
Types and Forms of Resveratrol Supplements
There are several types and forms of resveratrol supplements available, catering to different preferences and needs:
- Capsules: These typically contain a standardized extract of resveratrol in a convenient capsule form.
- Tablets: Similar to capsules, tablets offer a standardized extract of resveratrol in a compact form.
- Powders: Resveratrol powders can be mixed with water or other liquids, providing a versatile option for supplementation.
- Liquid extracts: These are taken sublingually (under the tongue) or added to beverages, offering a quick and efficient way to consume resveratrol.
- Topical creams: These creams contain resveratrol and are applied directly to the skin, targeting specific areas for anti-aging and regenerative benefits.
When selecting a resveratrol supplement, it’s important to look for products that contain a standardized extract of resveratrol and are produced by reputable manufacturers. This ensures that you are getting a high-quality product that can deliver the potential health benefits of resveratrol.
